Understanding Parkinson’s Disease: Diagnosis to Treatment

Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative condition with both motor and non-motor symptoms. It’s caused by not enough dopamine in the brain, and while it currently cannot be cured, it can be treated. 

More than 12,000 Kiwis have Parkinson’s disease, and as the world’s fastest growing neurological condition, those numbers are expected to increase. 

It’s a challenging topic, so we’ve spoken to expert Dr. Simone Boer about everything from the science behind it, to Parkinson’s disease symptoms, to how you can best manage this common ailment. 

The Science Behind Parkinson’s Disease: What You Need to Know

Dr. Boer suggests that the easiest way to understand Parkinson’s disease is to first understand more about the human brain.

“Our brains consist of billions of neurons (86 billion in fact! A neuron is a type of nerve cell in the brain). Neurons communicate with one another, and this helps us move, think, and feel. These neurons “talk” by sending out chemical messengers. One of these messengers, dopamine, plays a key role in controlling smooth, coordinated movements.”

When it comes to Parkinson’s disease causes, the main thing to know is that neurons that produce dopamine break down and die. 

“With fewer of these dopamine-producing cells, the brain’s movement instructions can become scrambled, leading to symptoms such as tremors, slowed movements, stiffness, and challenges with balance,” explains Dr. Boer. 

Unfortunately, the reason for dopamine breakdown is still unknown. 

Common Symptoms & How Parkinson’s Disease Is Diagnosed

As Dr. Boer mentioned, there are a number of early signs of Parkinson’s disease to watch out for, including the following:

• Involuntary shaking (tremors)
• Slow movements
• Stiffness
• Inflexible muscles
• Loss of balance

Dr. Boer adds that “In addition to these movement-related changes, people with Parkinson’s might experience non-motor symptoms such as sleep troubles, mood changes (like depression or anxiety), constipation, and difficulties with thinking or memory. These non-motor signs can sometimes appear before the movement issues become noticeable,”.

To make things more complicated, there is no objective test for Parkinson’s disease, which also means that misdiagnosis is relatively common. Therefore, talking to a specialist is the best way to determine an accurate diagnosis. 

“A neurologist may check how easily a person can perform certain movements, assess tremors, or test balance. These clinical observations, along with a person’s health history and response to certain medications, help specialists make a diagnosis.”

Furthermore, it can take time and follow-up appointments before a diagnosis can be confirmed. 

Exploring Treatment Options for Parkinson’s Disease

There is currently no cure for Parkinson’s disease, but treatment options make it possible for those with the illness to enjoy fulfilling lives. 

Modern Parkinson’s disease treatments include: 

• Medications: Medication can replace or support dopamine in the brain, which can ease symptoms
• Exercise: “Regular exercise such as walking, swimming, stretching or yoga, occupational therapy and speech therapy are also key tools, supporting balance, strength, and flexibility,” says Dr. Boer. 

While brain changes can’t be reversed right now, treatment options “can help people stay active, independent, and engaged in daily life.”

Practical Tips for Seniors & Caregivers

Whether you’ve been diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease or are helping a friend or loved one through it as a seniors carer, Dr. Boer offers some fantastic, practical tips you can implement into your daily routines to minimise the impacts of this common disease. 

Firstly, regular exercise is key. Dr. Boer suggests gentle exercises to support balance, and to maintain strength and flexibility. 

Of course, you can also consider professional guidance.

“Physical Therapists to guide you through tailored exercises to improve movement, balance, and posture, Occupational Therapists for tools and techniques to make daily tasks (like dressing or eating) easier and safer, and Speech Therapists for assistance with speaking clearly and managing swallowing difficulties.”

A balanced diet is also on the cards. Dr. Boer recommends staying hydrated, and opting for foods that are rich in fibre to help with digestion and regularity (common issues in Parkinson’s disease). Additionally, she says that consistency across mealtimes, medication, and sleep can help stabilise symptoms. 

A cruel catch-22 of Parkinson’s disease is that stress and anxiety can worsen symptoms. Therefore, techniques to reduce stress and anxiety, such as meditation and relaxation routines, can be key in keeping symptoms at bay. 

Finally, Dr. Boer suggests maintaining all the things in life you love and staying connected. Keep up with your hobbies, creative pursuits, and social events, and stay in touch with loved ones to support your emotional wellbeing. 

That can also include joining a support group for emotional comfort, practical tips, and a sense of community. 

“Sharing experiences with others who understand your challenges can make the journey easier.”

Speak to your doctor to learn more about how to navigate a Parkinson’s diagnosis confidently.

You may also wish to learn more about funeral insurance. Get started by learning about the benefits of Seniors Funeral Insurance or request a quote for peace of mind for both you and your loved ones. 

9 Apr 2025